基于APIView&ModelSerializer写接口

基于APIView&ModelSerializer写接口

​ 引言,首先路由写法还是不变、视图层的视图类写法不变,在序列化类要改变写法、慢慢的靠近序列化器组件;而且需要创建关联表,因为现实生活当中不可能仅仅建单表,会使用大量的多表关联的表数据。好吧!咱们上干货把,首先准备一下路由吧,毕竟就两条代码而且配好就逻辑写完可以马上测试接口了。本篇文章重点介绍了序列化定制字段的多种方法,也演示了序列化重要字段DictField()、ListField()的用法和反序列化重要参数read_only=True和write_only=True

一、首先准备前提工作

1.模型代码

from django.db import models   class Book(models.Model):     name = models.CharField(verbose_name='书名', max_length=32)     price = models.CharField(verbose_name='价格', max_length=32)      # 外键 书跟出版社是一对多     publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE)     # 外键 书跟作者是多对多     authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')   class Publish(models.Model):     name = models.CharField(verbose_name='出版社名称', max_length=32)     address = models.CharField(verbose_name='出版社地址', max_length=32)   class Author(models.Model):     name = models.CharField(verbose_name='作者姓名', max_length=32)     phone = models.CharField(verbose_name='电话号码', max_length=11)  

录入数据的顺序不能乱来,因为有外键关系、那么小编在这里详细的列出录入数据的过程
先在Author表录入两条
基于APIView&ModelSerializer写接口

再在publish表录入两条
基于APIView&ModelSerializer写接口

然后在book表录入两条
基于APIView&ModelSerializer写接口

最后在关联表添加数据
基于APIView&ModelSerializer写接口

2.路由代码

from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from app01 import views  urlpatterns = [     path('admin/', admin.site.urls),     path('books/', views.BookView.as_view()),     path('books/<int:pk>/', views.BookDetailView.as_view()), ] 

3.视图代码

from django.shortcuts import render from rest_framework.views import APIView from .models import Book from .serializer import BookSerializer from rest_framework.response import Response   class BookView(APIView):     def get(self, request):  # 查询所有         # 查询所有数据         books = Book.objects.all()         # 序列化数据         ser = BookSerializer(instance=books, many=True)         return Response(ser.data)      def post(self, request):         ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data)         if ser.is_valid():             ser.save()             return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '新增成功', 'result': ser.data})         else:             return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})   class BookDetailView(APIView):     def put(self, request, pk):         book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()         ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data, instance=book)         if ser.is_valid():             ser.save()             return Response({'code':100, 'msg':'修改成功'})         else:             return Response({'code':101, 'msg':ser.errors})      def get(self, request, pk):         book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk)         ser = BookSerializer(instance=book)         return Response(ser.data)      def delete(self, request, pk):         Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()         return Response('删除成功') 

二、继承Serializer序列化定制字段的三种方法

1.通过source关键词定制

# 用source关键字定制字段的代码  from rest_framework import serializers  class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):     real_name = serializers.CharField(source='name')     real_price = serializers.CharField(source='price')     publish = serializers.CharField(source='publish.name')     authors = serializers.CharField()  

基于APIView&amp;ModelSerializer写接口
基于APIView&amp;ModelSerializer写接口
第一个解决方案是在模型表中写下面的方法
基于APIView&amp;ModelSerializer写接口
第二种解决方案在序列化类处理看下面代码框
基于APIView&amp;ModelSerializer写接口

2.SerializerMethodField定制

该方法能够序列化定制所有的任何的字段先想好定制成什么样子,之后新字段名跟get_后面即可,记得定制一个就一定要配合一个get_方法,可以自定义返回格式,就说明个性化能力强。

 """关键字段SerializerMethodField定制"""  class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):     name = serializers.CharField()     price = serializers.CharField()      publish_detail = serializers.SerializerMethodField()      def get_publish_detail(self, obj):         return {'name':obj.publish.name, 'address':obj.publish.address}      author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField()      def get_author_list(self, obj):         list =[]         for author in obj.authors.all():             list.append({'name':author.name, 'phone':author.phone})             return list 

3.在模型表中写方法来定制

这个方法其实算不上方法,因为逻辑是一样的,只不过把方法写到模型表里面,而序列化类里面只需要写新定制字段,所以相当于做了所谓的解耦合吧,但是我感觉完全没这个必要,毕竟要序列化,那么属性和方法统一写到一个位置比较省心。当然这是我的个人想法,仅供参考。

基于APIView&amp;ModelSerializer写接口

# 序列化类代码 class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):     name = serializers.CharField()     price = serializers.CharField()     publish_detail = serializers.DictField()     author_list = serializers.ListField() 
# 模型表写定制方法代码 def publish_detail(self):     return {'name': self.publish.name, 'address': self.publish.address}  def author_list(self):     list = []     for author in self.authors.all():         list.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})         return list 

基于APIView&amp;ModelSerializer写接口

三、继承Serializer反序列化

当然定制字段的方法也要写,不管在序列化类里写还是模型表里写,但凡涉及到定制字段就要写定制方法,因为涉及到反序列化所以要重写create方法和update方法,而且也要写数据校验,毕竟不能前端传什么就录入,一定要有校验机制的

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):     # 如果一个字段既用来序列化又用来反序列化就不用写参数read_only或write_only     name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, error_messages={'max_length':'太长了'})     price = serializers.CharField()      # 只用来序列化 写参数read_only=True     publish_detail = serializers.DictField(read_only=True)     author_list = serializers.ListField(read_only=True)      # 只用来反序列化 写参数write_only=True     publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)     author = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)      # 反序列化要重写create方法和update方法     def create(self, validated_data):         # 新增一本书         book = Book.objects.create(name=validated_data.get('name'),                                    price=validated_data.get('price'),                                    publish_id=validated_data.get('publish'))         # 关联作者         book.authors.add(*validated_data.get('author'))         # 返回book         return book      def update(self, instance, validated_data):         # 序列出数据         instance.name = validated_data.get('name')         instance.price = validated_data.get('price')         instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish')         # 先清空数据在add         authors = validated_data.get('author')         print(validated_data)         instance.authors.clear()         instance.authors.add(*authors)         # 修改完保存         instance.save()         # 返回数据         return instance       # 修改要重写update     def update(self, instance, validated_data):         # validated_data 校验过后的数据,{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}         instance.name = validated_data.get('name')         instance.price = validated_data.get('price')         instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish')          # 先清空,再add         authors = validated_data.get('authors')         instance.authors.clear()         instance.authors.add((*authors)          instance.save()          return instance 

四、用ModelSerializer进行序列化与反序列化

"""ModelSerializer的用法"""   class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):     class Meta:         # 跟book表关联         model = Book         # fields = ['写需要序列化的字段名',[]···]         # 如果fields = '__all__'这样写就表明序列化所有字段         fields = '__all__'         # extra_kwargs = {'字段名': {'约束条件': 约束参数},是反序列化字段         extra_kwargs = {'name': {'max_length': 8},                         'publish_detail': {'read_only': True},                         'authors_list': {'read_only': True},                         'publish': {'write_only': True},                         'authors': {'write_only': True}                         }      def validate_name(self, name):         if name.startswith('sb'):             raise ValidationError('书名不能以sb开头')         else:             return name  

展示效果如下
基于APIView&amp;ModelSerializer写接口

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