前言
最近阅读Aravis源码,其中大量运用了GObject,于是打算学习一下。
此系列笔记仅主要面向初学者,不会很深入探讨源码的细节,专注于介绍GObject的基本用法。
此系列笔记参考GObject Tutorial for beginners
本文可在个人博客中阅读,体验更加
套个盾:文中定义的名词只是为了更好地理解GObject,不具备权威性。
类和实例
在GObject中,每个可实例化类类型都与两个结构体相关联:一个是类结构体,一个是实例结构体。
- 类结构体会被注册到类型系统中(具体注册方式在下一节讨论),在
g_object_new
首次调用时,类型系统会检查相应的类结构体是否已经被初始化为一个类变量,没有则创建并初始化。此后所有该类的实例变量都将共享这个已初始化的类变量。每个类变量只会被创建一次。 - 每次调用
g_object_new
时都会创建实例变量。
在GObject系统中,类结构体和实例结构体都会被实例化,在内存中占有特定的空间。为了便于描述,我们将分配给类结构体的实例称为“类变量”,而分配给实例结构体的实例称为“实例变量”。
GObject实例的结构体定义如下
//file: gobject.h typedef struct _GObject GObject; struct _GObject { GTypeInstance g_type_instance; /*< private >*/ guint ref_count; /* (atomic) */ GData *qdata; };
GObject类的结构体定义如下(我们可以先不用了解结构的细节):
//file: gobject.h typedef struct _GObjectClass GObjectClass; struct _GObjectClass { GTypeClass g_type_class; /*< private >*/ GSList *construct_properties; /*< public >*/ /* seldom overridden */ GObject* (*constructor) (GType type, guint n_construct_properties, GObjectConstructParam *construct_properties); /* overridable methods */ void (*set_property) (GObject *object, guint property_id, const GValue *value, GParamSpec *pspec); void (*get_property) (GObject *object, guint property_id, GValue *value, GParamSpec *pspec); void (*dispose) (GObject *object); void (*finalize) (GObject *object); /* seldom overridden */ void (*dispatch_properties_changed) (GObject *object, guint n_pspecs, GParamSpec **pspecs); /* signals */ void (*notify) (GObject *object, GParamSpec *pspec); /* called when done constructing */ void (*constructed) (GObject *object); /*< private >*/ gsize flags; gsize n_construct_properties; gpointer pspecs; gsize n_pspecs; /* padding */ gpointer pdummy[3]; };
下面使用一个简单示例,来演示GObject的类和实例的使用
//file: example01.c #include <glib-object.h> int main (int argc, char **argv) { GObject* instance1,* instance2; //指向实例的指针 GObjectClass* class1,* class2; //指向类的指针 instance1 = g_object_new (G_TYPE_OBJECT, NULL); instance2 = g_object_new (G_TYPE_OBJECT, NULL); g_print ("The address of instance1 is %pn", instance1); g_print ("The address of instance2 is %pn", instance2); class1 = G_OBJECT_GET_CLASS (instance1); class2 = G_OBJECT_GET_CLASS (instance2); g_print ("The address of the class of instance1 is %pn", class1); g_print ("The address of the class of instance2 is %pn", class2); g_object_unref (instance1); g_object_unref (instance2); return 0; }
其中:
g_object_new
函数创建实例变量并返回指向它的指针。在实例变量第一次被创建之前,它对应的类变量也会被创建并初始化。- 参数
G_TYPE_OBJECT
是GObject基类的类型标识符,这是GObject类型系统的核心,所有其他GObject类型都从这个基类型派生。 - 宏
G_OBJECT_GET_CLASS
返回指向参数所属类变量的指针 g_object_unref
会销毁实例变量并释放内存。
输出:
The address of instance1 is 0x55d3ddc05600 The address of instance2 is 0x55d3ddc05620 The address of the class of instance1 is 0x55d3ddc05370 The address of the class of instance2 is 0x55d3ddc05370
可以发现,两个实例变量的地址不同,但两个实例变量对应的类变量的地址相同,因为两个实例变量共享一个类变量
引用计数
引用计数机制的概念在此不做介绍
在GObject中,GObject实例具有引用计数机制:
//file: example02.c #include <glib-object.h> static void show_ref_count (GObject* instance) { if (G_IS_OBJECT (instance)) /* Users should not use ref_count member in their program. */ /* This is only for demonstration. */ g_print ("Reference count is %d.n", instance->ref_count); else g_print ("Instance is not GObject.n"); } int main (int argc, char **argv) { GObject* instance; instance = g_object_new (G_TYPE_OBJECT, NULL); g_print ("Call g_object_new.n"); show_ref_count (instance); g_object_ref (instance); g_print ("Call g_object_ref.n"); show_ref_count (instance); g_object_unref (instance); g_print ("Call g_object_unref.n"); show_ref_count (instance); g_object_unref (instance); g_print ("Call g_object_unref.n"); g_print ("Now the reference count is zero and the instance is destroyed.n"); g_print ("The instance memories are possibly returned to the system.n"); g_print ("Therefore, the access to the same address may cause a segmentation error.n"); return 0; }
其中:
g_object_new
创建一个实例变量,然后将变量的引用计数置为1g_object_ref
将其引用计数加1g_object_unref
将引用计数减1,如果此时引用计数为0,则析构变量。
输出:
Call g_object_new. Reference count is 1. Call g_object_ref. Reference count is 2. Call g_object_unref. Reference count is 1. Call g_object_unref. Now the reference count is zero and the instance is destroyed. The instance memories are possibly returned to the system. Therefore, the access to the same address may cause a segmentation error.
初始化和析构过程
GObject初始化和销毁的实际过程比较复杂。以下是简单的描述,不做详细说明.
初始化
1.用类型系统注册GObject类型。这是在调用main函数之前的GLib的初始化过程中完成的。(如果编译器是gcc,则__attribute__ ((constructor))
用于限定初始化函数。)
2.为GObjectClass和GObject结构分配内存
3.初始化GObjectClass结构内存。这个内存将是GObject的类变量。
4.初始化GObject结构内存。这个内存将是GObject的实例变量。
上述初始化过程在第一次调用g_object_new
函数时执行。在第二次及后续调用g_object_new
时,它只执行两个过程:①为GObject结构分配内存②初始化内存。
析构
1.销毁GObject实例。释放实例的内存
GObject变量类型是静态类型。静态类型永远不会破坏它的类。因此,即使被销毁的实例变量是最后一个,类变量仍然存在,直到程序终止。
参考文章
1.GObject Tutorial for beginners