目录
基于APIView&ModelSerializer写接口
引言,首先路由写法还是不变、视图层的视图类写法不变,在序列化类要改变写法、慢慢的靠近序列化器组件;而且需要创建关联表,因为现实生活当中不可能仅仅建单表,会使用大量的多表关联的表数据。好吧!咱们上干货把,首先准备一下路由吧,毕竟就两条代码而且配好就逻辑写完可以马上测试接口了。本篇文章重点介绍了序列化定制字段的多种方法,也演示了序列化重要字段DictField()、ListField()的用法和反序列化重要参数read_only=True和write_only=True
一、首先准备前提工作
1.模型代码
from django.db import models class Book(models.Model): name = models.CharField(verbose_name='书名', max_length=32) price = models.CharField(verbose_name='价格', max_length=32) # 外键 书跟出版社是一对多 publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE) # 外键 书跟作者是多对多 authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author') class Publish(models.Model): name = models.CharField(verbose_name='出版社名称', max_length=32) address = models.CharField(verbose_name='出版社地址', max_length=32) class Author(models.Model): name = models.CharField(verbose_name='作者姓名', max_length=32) phone = models.CharField(verbose_name='电话号码', max_length=11)
录入数据的顺序不能乱来,因为有外键关系、那么小编在这里详细的列出录入数据的过程
先在Author表录入两条
再在publish表录入两条
然后在book表录入两条
最后在关联表添加数据
2.路由代码
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('books/', views.BookView.as_view()), path('books/<int:pk>/', views.BookDetailView.as_view()), ]
3.视图代码
from django.shortcuts import render from rest_framework.views import APIView from .models import Book from .serializer import BookSerializer from rest_framework.response import Response class BookView(APIView): def get(self, request): # 查询所有 # 查询所有数据 books = Book.objects.all() # 序列化数据 ser = BookSerializer(instance=books, many=True) return Response(ser.data) def post(self, request): ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data) if ser.is_valid(): ser.save() return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '新增成功', 'result': ser.data}) else: return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors}) class BookDetailView(APIView): def put(self, request, pk): book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first() ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data, instance=book) if ser.is_valid(): ser.save() return Response({'code':100, 'msg':'修改成功'}) else: return Response({'code':101, 'msg':ser.errors}) def get(self, request, pk): book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk) ser = BookSerializer(instance=book) return Response(ser.data) def delete(self, request, pk): Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete() return Response('删除成功')
二、继承Serializer序列化定制字段的三种方法
1.通过source关键词定制
# 用source关键字定制字段的代码 from rest_framework import serializers class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): real_name = serializers.CharField(source='name') real_price = serializers.CharField(source='price') publish = serializers.CharField(source='publish.name') authors = serializers.CharField()
第一个解决方案是在模型表中写下面的方法
第二种解决方案在序列化类处理看下面代码框
2.SerializerMethodField定制
该方法能够序列化定制所有的任何的字段先想好定制成什么样子,之后新字段名跟get_后面即可,记得定制一个就一定要配合一个get_方法,可以自定义返回格式,就说明个性化能力强。
"""关键字段SerializerMethodField定制""" class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): name = serializers.CharField() price = serializers.CharField() publish_detail = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_publish_detail(self, obj): return {'name':obj.publish.name, 'address':obj.publish.address} author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_author_list(self, obj): list =[] for author in obj.authors.all(): list.append({'name':author.name, 'phone':author.phone}) return list
3.在模型表中写方法来定制
这个方法其实算不上方法,因为逻辑是一样的,只不过把方法写到模型表里面,而序列化类里面只需要写新定制字段,所以相当于做了所谓的解耦合吧,但是我感觉完全没这个必要,毕竟要序列化,那么属性和方法统一写到一个位置比较省心。当然这是我的个人想法,仅供参考。
# 序列化类代码 class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): name = serializers.CharField() price = serializers.CharField() publish_detail = serializers.DictField() author_list = serializers.ListField()
# 模型表写定制方法代码 def publish_detail(self): return {'name': self.publish.name, 'address': self.publish.address} def author_list(self): list = [] for author in self.authors.all(): list.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone}) return list
三、继承Serializer反序列化
当然定制字段的方法也要写,不管在序列化类里写还是模型表里写,但凡涉及到定制字段就要写定制方法,因为涉及到反序列化所以要重写create方法和update方法,而且也要写数据校验,毕竟不能前端传什么就录入,一定要有校验机制的
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): # 如果一个字段既用来序列化又用来反序列化就不用写参数read_only或write_only name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, error_messages={'max_length':'太长了'}) price = serializers.CharField() # 只用来序列化 写参数read_only=True publish_detail = serializers.DictField(read_only=True) author_list = serializers.ListField(read_only=True) # 只用来反序列化 写参数write_only=True publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True) author = serializers.ListField(write_only=True) # 反序列化要重写create方法和update方法 def create(self, validated_data): # 新增一本书 book = Book.objects.create(name=validated_data.get('name'), price=validated_data.get('price'), publish_id=validated_data.get('publish')) # 关联作者 book.authors.add(*validated_data.get('author')) # 返回book return book def update(self, instance, validated_data): # 序列出数据 instance.name = validated_data.get('name') instance.price = validated_data.get('price') instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish') # 先清空数据在add authors = validated_data.get('author') print(validated_data) instance.authors.clear() instance.authors.add(*authors) # 修改完保存 instance.save() # 返回数据 return instance # 修改要重写update def update(self, instance, validated_data): # validated_data 校验过后的数据,{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]} instance.name = validated_data.get('name') instance.price = validated_data.get('price') instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish') # 先清空,再add authors = validated_data.get('authors') instance.authors.clear() instance.authors.add((*authors) instance.save() return instance
四、用ModelSerializer进行序列化与反序列化
"""ModelSerializer的用法""" class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: # 跟book表关联 model = Book # fields = ['写需要序列化的字段名',[]···] # 如果fields = '__all__'这样写就表明序列化所有字段 fields = '__all__' # extra_kwargs = {'字段名': {'约束条件': 约束参数},是反序列化字段 extra_kwargs = {'name': {'max_length': 8}, 'publish_detail': {'read_only': True}, 'authors_list': {'read_only': True}, 'publish': {'write_only': True}, 'authors': {'write_only': True} } def validate_name(self, name): if name.startswith('sb'): raise ValidationError('书名不能以sb开头') else: return name
展示效果如下